Signal response of the Swiss plate geophone monitoring system impacted by bedload particles with different transport modes

Abstract. Controlled experiments were performed to investigate the acoustic signal response of Swiss plate geophone (SPG) system impacted by bedload particles varying in size, impact angle, and transport mode. The impacts moving saltation, rolling, sliding determined analyzing experimental videos corresponding vibration signals. finite element method (FEM) was utilized construct a numerical model SPG simulate signals triggered quartz sphere hitting at angles ranging from 0∘ 90∘. For particle on bed or plates, signature generated terms maximum amplitude, number impulses, centroid frequency extracted raw monitoring data. So-called packets performing Hilbert transform signal. calculated for each mode size class, with sizes 28.1 171.5 mm. results show how impulses per mass, amplitude envelope, change increasing they also demonstrate effect system. We found that there is general increase strength when changes rolling saltation. findings this study help us better understand responses different modes, may contribute an improvement procedure determine